Santa Clara University
Religious Studies Department, SCU
Bibliography
Course Links
Syllabus
Class Prep
Camino
Assignments
Dig Sites
Bible
Library Reserve
Bibliography
Glossary
Extra Credit
Grades
Research Link
Sections

  Early Judaism   Early Christianity  
  Greco-Roman World   Ongoing Issues  



Gender in Early Judaism
 
 
Tanak & Pseudepigrapha
 
Ackerman, Susan.  Warrior, Dancer, Seductress, Queen: Women in Judges and Biblical Israel, Anchor Bible Reference Library.  New York: Doubleday, 2002.
 
Bellis, Alice Ogden.  Helpmates, Harlots and Heroes: Women's Stories in the Hebrew Bible.  Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1994.
 
Berquist, Jon L.  Controlling Corporeality: The Body and the Household in Ancient Israel.  New Brunswick, New Jersey: Routledge, 2002.
 
Brenner, Athalya.  The Intercourse of Knowledge: On Gendering Desire and "Sexuality" in the Hebrew Bible.  Atlanta: SBL Press, 2016.
 
Brenner-Idan, Athalya.  The Israelite Woman: Social Role and Literary Type in Biblical Narrative, T&T Clark Cornerstones.  New York: Bloomsbury, 2015.
 
Brooke, George J., ed.  Women in the Biblical Tradition, Studies in Women and Religion 31.  Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen, 1992.
 
Essex, Barbara J.  Women in the Bible, Insights.  Cleveland: Pilgrim, 2001.
 
Evans, Mary J.  Women in the Bible.  Carlisle, Cumbria: Paternoster, 1998.
 
Fontaine, Carole R.  Smooth Words: Women, Proverbs and Performance in Biblical Wisdom, JSOTSup 356.  Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002.
 
Frymer-Kensky, Tivka.  "The Bible and Women's Studies."  In Feminist Perspectives on Jewish Studies (ed. Lynn Davidman and Shelly Tenenbaum; New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1994) 16-39.
 
Glahn, Sandra, ed.  Vindicating the Vixens: Revisiting Sexualized, Vilified, and Marginalized Women of the Bible.  Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel, 2017.
 
Goldman, Shalom.  The Wiles of Women/The Wiles of Men: Joseph and Potiphar's Wife in Ancient Near Eastern, Jewish, and Islamic Folklore.  Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995.
 
Gruber, Mayer I., ed.  Women in the Biblical World: A Study Guide, vol. 1, Women in the World of Hebrew Scripture, ATLA Bibliography Series 38.  Philadelphia/Lanham, Maryland: American Theological Library Association/Scarecrow, 1995.
 
Hyman, Naomi M., ed.  Biblical Women in the Midrash: A Sourcebook.  Northvale, New Jersey: Jacob Aronson, 1997.
 
Instone-Brewer, David.  Divorce and Remarriage in the Bible: The Social and Literary Context.  Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2002.
 
Kvam, Kristen E., Linda S. Schearing and Valarie H. Ziegler.  Eve & Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings of Genesis and Gender.  Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
 
Leonard, Harriet V.  Women in the Bible: A Bibliography, rev. ed.  Durham, North Carolina: Duke University, Divinity School Library, 1977.
 
Matskevich, Karalina.  Construction of Gender and Identity in Genesis: The Subject and the Other, LHB/OTS 647.  New York: Bloomsbury, 2019.
 
Meyers, Carol, with Toni Craven and Ross S. Kraemer, eds.  Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/ Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament.  Grand Rapids, Michigan/ Cambridge: Wm. B. Eerdmans/Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
 
Moss, Candida R. and Joel S. Baden.  Reconceiving Infertility: Biblical Perspectives on Procreation and Childlessness.  Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2015.
 
Newsom, Carol A. and Sharon H. Ringe, eds.  The Women's Bible Commentary.   London/Louisville: SPCK/Westminster/John Knox, 1992.
 
O’Brien, Julia M., ed.  The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies, Oxford Encyclopedias of the Bible, 2 vols.  New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
 
Petersen, John.  Reading Women's Stories: Female Characters in the Hebrew Bible.  Minneapolis: Fortress, 2003.
 
Satlow, Michael L.  Jewish Marriage in Antiquity.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
 
Schroer, Silvia.  Wisdom Has Built Her House: Studies on the Figure of Sophia in the Bible, trans. Linda Maloney and William McDonough.  Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical, 2000.
 
Thompson, John L.  Writing the Wrongs: Women of the Old Testament among Biblical Commentators from Philo through the Reformation, Oxford Studies in Historical Theology.  New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
 
Trible, Phyllis.  Texts of Terror: Literary-Feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives.   Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984.
 
Zevit, Ziony.  "Proclamations to the Faithful Tree and the Spiritualization of Androgyny."   In The Echoes of Many Texts: Reflections on Jewish and Christian Traditions.  Essays in Honor of Lou H. Silberman (ed. William G. Dever and J. Edward Wright; BJS 313; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997) 43-50.
 
 
Second Temple Judaism
 
Cohen, Shaye J. D., ed.  The Jewish Family in Antiquity, Brown Judaic Studies 289.   Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1993.
 
Ilan, Tal.  Integrating Women into Second Temple History, Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 76.  Tübingen: Mohn Siebeck, 1999.
 
van Henten, Jan Willem and Athalya Brenner, eds.  Families and Family Relations as Represented in Early Judaisms and Early Christianities: Texts and Fictions, Studies in Theology and Religion 2.  Leiden: Deo, 2000.
 
 
Philo of Alexandria
 
Baer, R. A.  Philo's Use of the Categories Male and Female.  Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1970.
 
Gaca, K. L.  "Philo's Principles of Sexual Conduct and their Influence on Christian Platonist Sexual Principles."  Studia Philonica 8 (1996) 21-39.
 
Harrison, V. E. F.  "The Allegorization of Gender: Plato and Philo on Spiritual Childbearing."  In Asceticism (ed. Vincent L. Wimbush and Richard Valantasis; New York, 1995) 520-34.
 
Hay, David M.  "Things Philo Said and Did Not Say about the Therapeutae."  In Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers 1992 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992) 673-83.
 
Kraemer, Ross Shephard.  "Jewish Women and Christian Origins: Some Caveats."  In Women and Christian Origins (ed. Ross Shepard Kraemer and Mary Rose D'Angelo; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 35-49.
 
Mattila, S. L.  "Wisdom, Sense Perception, Nature, and Philo's Gender Gradient."   Harvard Theological Review 89 (1996) 103-129.
 
Sly, D.  Philo's Perception of Women.  Atlanta, 1990.
 
Szesnat, Holger.  "'Pretty Boys' in Philo's De Vita Contemplativa."  Studia Philonica 10 (BJS 319; 1998) 87-107.
 
Thompson, John L.  Writing the Wrongs: Women of the Old Testament among Biblical Commentators from Philo through the Reformation, Oxford Studies in Historical Theology.  New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
 
 
Rabbinic Judaism
 
Baker, Cynthia M.  Rebuilding the House of Israel: Architectures of Gender in Jewish Antiquity, Divinations.   Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2002.
 
Biale, Rachel.  Women and Jewish Law: The Essential Texts, Their History, and Their Relevance for Today.  New York: Schocken, 1995.
 
Boyarin, Daniel.  Carnal Israel: Reading Sex in Talmudic Culture.  Berkeley, 1993.
 
Fonrobert, Charlotte Elisheva.  Menstrual Purity: Rabbinic and Christian Reconstructions of Biblical Gender, Contraversions: Jews and Other Differences.   Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2000.
 
Satlow, Michael L.  Jewish Marriage in Antiquity.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
 
Thompson, John L.  Writing the Wrongs: Women of the Old Testament among Biblical Commentators from Philo through the Reformation, Oxford Studies in Historical Theology.  New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
 
 
Gender Roles and Sexual Relations
 
Boyarin, Daniel.  "Are There Any Jews in 'The History of Sexuality'?"  Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1995) 333-55.
 
Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck and John L. Esposito, eds.  Daughters of Abraham: Feminist Thought in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.  Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
 
Satlow, Michael L.  "'They Abused Him Like a Woman': Homoeroticism, Gender Blurring, and the Rabbis in Late Antiquity."  Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1994) 1-25.
 
--------.  "'Wasted Seed': The History of a Rabbinic Idea."  Hebrew Union College Annual 65 (1994) 137-76.


Gender in Early Christianity
 
Primary Literature
 
Hennecke, Edgar and Wilhelm Schneemelcher, eds.  "Second and Third-Century Acts of Apostles."  In New Testament Apocrypha, vol. 2, Writings Relating to the Apostles, Apocalypses and Related Subjects, trans. R. McL. Wilson (Cambridge/ Louisville: James Clarke/Westminster John Knox, 1992; German original, Tübingen, J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1989) 75-411.
 
Roberts, Alexander and James Donaldson, eds.  Apocrypha."  In Ante-Nicene Christian Library: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325, vol. 8, The Twelve Patriarchs, Excerpts and Epistles, The Clementina, Apocrypha, Decretals, Memoirs of Edessa and Syriac Documents, Remains of the First Ages (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1886) 477-564.
 
The apocryphal Acts are also available online at The Noncanonical Homepage: New Testament Acts.
 
 
Secondary Literature
 
Background
 
Brooten, Bernadette.  "Early Christian Women and Their Cultural Context: Issues of Method in Historical Reconstruction."  In Feminist Perspectives on Biblical Scholarship (ed. Adela Yarbro Collins; Biblical Scholarship in North America 10; Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1985) 65-91.
 
Corley, Kathleen E.  "Feminist Myths of Christian Origins."  In Reimagining Christian Origins. A Colloquium Honoring Burton L. Mack (ed. Elizabeth A. Castelli and Hal Taussig; Valley Forge, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, 1996) 51-67.
 
DeConick, April.  Holy Misogyny: Why the Sex and Gender Conflicts in the Early Church Still Matter.  New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
 
Foskett, Mary F.  A Virgin Conceived: Mary and Classical Representations of Virginity.   Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002.
 
Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck and John L. Esposito, eds.  Daughters of Abraham: Feminist Thought in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.   Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
 
Instone-Brewer, David.  Divorce and Remarriage in the Bible: The Social and Literary Context.  Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2002.
 
Osiek, Carolyn and David L. Balch.  Families in the New Testament World: Households and House Churches, The Family, Religion, and Culture.  Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox, 1997.
 
Stegemann, Ekkehard W. and Wolfgang Stegemann.  "Part Four: The Social Roles and Social Situation of Women in the Mediterranean World and in Early Christianity."   In The Jesus Movement: A Social History of Its First Century, trans. O. C. Dean, Jr. (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1999; German original, Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1995) 359-407, 463-74 (especially ch. 13).
 
Von Kellenbach, Katharina.  Anti-Judaism in Feminist Religious Writings, American Academy of Religion Cultural Criticism 1.  Atlanta: American Academy of Religion, 1994.
 
 
Historical Jesus
 
Corley, Kathleen.  Women and the Historical Jesus: Feminist Myths of Christian Origins.  Sonoma, California: Polebridge, 2002.
 
Levine, Amy-Jill.  "Jesus, Divorce, and Sexuality: A Jewish Critique."  In The Historical Jesus through Catholic and Jewish Eyes (ed. Brian F. Le Beau, Leonard Greenspoon and Dennis Hamm; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, 2000) 113-29.
 
 
Biblical and Extra-Biblical Literature
 
Bible in General
 
Brooke, George J., ed.  Women in the Biblical Tradition, Studies in Women and Religion 31.  Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen, 1992.
 
Essex, Barbara J.  Women in the Bible, Insights.  Cleveland: Pilgrim, 2001.
 
Evans, Mary J.  Women in the Bible.  Carlisle, Cumbria: Paternoster, 1998.
 
Knust, Jennifer.  Loose Texts, Loose Women: A History of Jesus and an Adulteress. Fellowship to write the book received 2003; forthcoming.
 
Leonard, Harriet V.  Women in the Bible: A Bibliography, rev. ed.  Durham, North Carolina: Duke University, Divinity School Library, 1977.
 
Meyers, Carol, with Toni Craven and Ross S. Kraemer, eds.  Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament.   Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge: Wm. B. Eerdmans/Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
 
Newsom, Carol A. and Sharon H. Ringe, eds.  The Women's Bible Commentary.   London/Louisville: SPCK/Westminster/John Knox, 1992.
 
Schroer, Silvia.  Wisdom Has Built Her House: Studies on the Figure of Sophia in the Bible, trans. Linda Maloney and William McDonough.  Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical, 2000.
 
Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth, ed. Feminist Biblical Studies in the Twentieth Century: Scholarship and Movement, The Bible and Women 9.1. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2014.
 
Thompson, John L.  Writing the Wrongs: Women of the Old Testament among Biblical Commentators from Philo through the Reformation, Oxford Studies in Historical Theology.  New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
 
Christian Interpretation of the Old Testament
 
Scholz, Susanne.  "Retrospecting Rape in Christian Commentaries of Genesis 34 and Forensic Medical Textbooks from Nineteenth-Century Germany."  In Sacred Text, Secular Times: The Hebrew Bible in the Modern World. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Symposium of the Philip M. & Ethel Klutznick Chair in Jewish Civilization, September 14-15, 1997 (ed. Leonard Jay Greenspoon and Bryan F. LeBeau; Studies in Jewish Civilization 10; Omaha, Nebraska: Creighton University Press, 2000) 197-214.
 
Gospel Literature (Canonical and Extra-canonical)
 
Bauckham, Richard.  Gospel Women: Studies of the Named Women in the Gospels.   Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2002.
 
Beavis, Mary Ann, ed.  The Lost Coin: Parables of Women, Work and Wisdom, The Biblical Seminar 86.  London: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002.
 
Burstein, Dan and Arne J. de Keijzer, eds.  Secrets of Mary Magdalene: The Untold Story of History's Most Misunderstood Woman.  New York: Squibrocket, 2006.
 
Corley, Kathleen E.  Private Women, Public Meals: Social Conflict in the Synoptic Tradition.   Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson, 1993.
 
D'Angelo, Mary Rose.  "Reconstructing 'Real' Women in Gospel Literature: The Case of Mary Magdalene."  In Women and Christian Origins (ed. Ross Shepard Kraemer and Mary Rose D'Angelo; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 105-128.
 
--------.  "(Re)Presentations of Women in the Gospel of Matthew and Luke-Acts."  In Women and Christian Origins, 171-95.
 
--------.  "(Re)Presentations of Women in the Gospels: John and Mark."  In Women and Christian Origins, 129-49.
 
De Boer, Esther A.  The Gospel of Mary: Beyond a Gnostic and a Biblical Mary Magdalene, JSNTSup 260.  London: T & T Clark, 2004.
 
Eykel, Eric M. Vanden.  "But Their Faces Were All Looking Up": Author and Reader in the Protoevangelium of James, The Reception of Jesus in the First Three Centuries 1.  New York: Bloomsbury, 2016.
 
Forbes, Greg and Scott Harrower.  Raised from Obscurity: A Narratival and Theological Study of the Characterization of Women in Luke-Acts.   Eugene, Oregon: Pickwick, 2015.
 
Gench, Frances Taylor.  Back to the Well: Women's Encounters with Jesus in the Gospels.  Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2004.]
 
Jones, F. Stanley, ed.  Which Mary?: The Marys of Early Christian Tradition.   Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002.
 
Levine, Amy-Jill.  "Matthew's Advice to a Divided Readership."  In The Gospel of Matthew in Current Study: Studies in Memory of William G. Thompson, S.J. (ed. David E. Aune; Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 2001) 22-41.
 
--------.  "Second Temple Judaism, Jesus and Women: Yeast of Eden."  Biblical Interpretation 2:1 (1994) 8-33.  Reprinted in A Feminist Companion to the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament (ed. Athalya Brenner; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996) 302-331.
 
--------.  "Women in the Q Communit(ies) and Traditions."  In Women and Christian Origins, 150-70.
 
Levine, Amy-Jill and Marianne Blickenstaff, eds.  A Feminist Companion to Luke, Feminist Companion to the New Testament and Early Christian Writings 2.  Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002.
 
Levine, Amy-Jill and Marianne Blickenstaff, eds.  A Feminist Companion to Mark, Feminist Companion to the New Testament and Early Christian Writings 2.  Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001.
 
Love, Stuart L.  Jesus and Marginal Women: The Gospel of Matthew in Social-scientific Perspective, Matrix: The Bible in Mediterranean Context.  Cambridge: James Clarke & Co, 2010.
 
Marjanen, Antti.  The Woman Jesus Loved: Mary Magdalene in the Nag Hammadi Library and Related Documents, Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies 40.  New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.
 
Schaberg, Jane.  The Resurrection of Mary Magdalene: Legends, Apocrypha and the Christian Testament.   New York: Continuum, 2002.
 
Seim, Turid Karlsen.  The Double Message: Patterns of Gender in Luke-Acts.   Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon, 1994.
 
Shoemaker, Stephen J.  "Rethinking the 'Gnostic Mary': Mary of Nazareth and Mary of Magdala in Early Christian Tradition."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 9 (2001) 555-95.
 
van Tilborg, Sjef.  "The Women in John: On Gender and Gender Bending."  In Families and Family Relations as Represented in Early Judaisms and Early Christianities: Texts and Fictions (ed. Jan Willem van Henten and Athalya Brenner; Studies in Theology and Religion 2; Leiden: Deo, 2000).
 
Wainwright, Elaine.  "The Matthean Jesus and the Healing of Women."  In The Gospel of Matthew in Current Study: Studies in Memory of William G. Thompson, S.J. (ed. David E. Aune; Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 2001) 74-95.
 
Acts Literature (Canonical and Extra-canonical)
 
Arlandson, James Malcolm.  Women, Class, and Society in Early Christianity: Models from Luke-Acts.  Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson, 1997.
 
Bremer, Jan N.  The Apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla.  Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1996.
 
Brock, Ann Graham.  "Political Authority and Cultural Accommodation: Social Diversity in the Acts of Paul and the Acts of Peter."  In The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: Harvard Divinity School Studies (ed. François Bovon, Ann Graham Brock and Christopher R. Matthews; Religions of the World; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press for the Harvard University Center for the Study of World Religions, 1999) 145-69.
 
Burrus, Virginia.  Chastity as Autonomy: Women in the Stories of the Apocryphal Acts.  Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen, 1987.
 
Castelli, Elizabeth A.  Imitating Paul: A Discourse of Power.  Louisville: Westminster/ John Knox, 1991.
 
Davies, Stevan.  The Revolt of the Widows: The Social World of the Apocryphal Acts.  Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1980.
 
Davis, Stephen J.  The Cult of St. Thecla: A Tradition of Women's Piety in Late Antiquity, Oxford Early Christian Studies.  New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
 
--------.  "A 'Pauline' Defense of Women's Right to Baptize?   Intertextuality and Apostolic Authority in the Acts of Paul."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 8 (3 2000) 453-9.
 
--------.  "Pilgrimage and the Cult of Saint Thecla."  In Pilgrimage in Late Antique Egypt (ed. David Frankfurter; Leiden: Brill, 1998) 303-339.
 
Hayne, Léonie.  "Thecla and the Church Fathers."  Vigiliae Christianae 48 (1994) 209-218.
 
Jacobs, Andrew S.  "A Family Affair: Marriage, Class, and Ethics in the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 7 (1 1999) 105-138.
 
Konstan, David.  "Acts of Love: A Narrative Pattern in the Apocryphal Acts."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 6 (1 1998) 15-36.
 
--------.  Sexual Symmetry: Love in the Ancient Novel and Related Genres.   Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994.
 
MacDonald, Dennis R.  The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon.  Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983.
 
--------.  "The Role of Women in the Production of the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles."   Iliff Review 41 (4 1984) 21-38.
 
MacDonald, Margaret Y.  "Rereading Paul: Early Interpreters of Paul on Women and Gender."  In Women and Christian Origins (ed. Ross Shepard Kraemer and Mary Rose D'Angelo; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 236-53.
 
Thomas, Christine M.  The Acts of Peter, Gospel Literature, and the Ancient Novel: Rewriting the Past.  New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
 
Valantasis, Richard.  "Is the Gospel of Thomas Ascetical?  Revisiting an Old Problem with a New Theory."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 7 (1 1999) 55-81.
 
Paul and Epistolary Literature (Canonical and Extra-canonical)
 
Boyarin, Daniel.  A Radical Jew: Paul and the Politics of Identity.  Berkeley, 1994.
 
Brooten, Bernadette.  "Junia ... Outstanding among the Apostles (Rom 16.7)."  In Women Priests: A Catholic Commentary on the Vatican Declaration (ed. Leonard Swidler and Arlene Swidler; New York: Paulist, 1977) 141-4.
 
Castelli, Elizabeth A.  "Disciplines of Difference: Asceticism and History in Paul."  In Asceticism and the New Testament (ed. Vincent L. Wimbush and Leif E. Vaage; New York: Routledge, 1999) 171-85.
 
--------.  Imitating Paul: A Discourse of Power.  Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1991.
 
--------.  "Paul on Women and Gender."  In Women and Christian Origins (ed. Ross Shepard Kraemer and Mary Rose D'Angelo; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 221-35.
 
Corrington-Streete, Gail P.  "Sex, Spirit, and Control: Paul and the Corinthian Women."  In Ritual, Power, and the Body: Historical Perspectives on the Representation of Greek Women (ed. C. Nadia Seremetakis; New York: Pella, 1993) 95-117.
 
Cotter, Wendy.  "Women's Authority Roles in Paul's Churches: Counter-cultural or Conventional?"  Novum Testamentum 36 (1994) 350-72.
 
D'Angelo, Mary Rose.  "Veils, Virgins and the Tongues of Men and Angels: Women's Heads as Sexual Members in Ancient Christianity."  In Off with Her Head! The Denial of Women's Identity in Myth, Religion and Culture (ed. Howard Eilberg Schwartz and Wendy Doniger; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995) 131-64.
 
Hylen, Susan E.  "Women διάκονοι and Gendered Norms of Leadership."  Journal of Biblical Literature 138:3 (2019) 687-702.
 
Keener, Craig S.  Paul, Women and Wives: Marriage and Women's Ministry in the Letters of Paul.  Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson, 1993.
 
Kittredge, Cynthia Briggs.  "Corinthian Women Prophets and Paul's Argumentation in 1 Corinthians."  In Paul and Politics: Ekklesia, Israel, Imperium, Interpretation.   Essays in Honor of Krister Stendahl (ed. Richard A. Horsley; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, 2000).
 
Kvam, Kristen E., Linda S. Schearing and Valarie H. Ziegler.  Eve & Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings of Genesis and Gender.  Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
 
Lamoreaux, Jason.  Ritual, Women, and Philippi, Matrix: The Bible in Mediterranean Context.  Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2013.
 
MacDonald, Margaret Y.  "Reading Real Women through the Undisputed Letters of Paul."  In Women and Christian Origins, 199-220.
 
--------.  "Women Holy in Body and Spirit: The Social Setting of 1 Corinthians 7."  New Testament Studies 36 (1990) 161-81.
 
Martin, Dale.  The Corinthian Body.  New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1995.
 
--------.  "Paul without Passion: On Paul's Rejection of Desire in Sex and Marriage."   In Constructing Early Christian Families: Family as Social Reality and Metaphor (ed. Halvor Moxnes; New York: Routledge, 1997) 201-215. Routledge, 1997) 201-215.
 
Økland, Jorunn  Women in Their Place: Paul and the Corinthian Discourse of Gender and Sanctuary Space, JSNTSup 269.  London: T & T Clark, 2004.
 
Ruether, Rosemary Radford.  "In Christ No More Male and Female? The Question of Gender and Redemption in the New Testament," and "Gender and Redemption in the Patristic Era: Conflicting Perspectives."  In Women and Redemption: A Theological History (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1998) 12-77.
 
Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth.  "Missionaries, Apostles, Coworkers: Romans 16 and the Reconstruction of Women's Early Christian History."  Word and World 6 (1986) 420-33.
 
Westfall, Cynthia Long.  Paul and Gender: Reclaiming the Apostle's Vision for Men and Women in Christ.  Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2016.
 
Whelan, Caroline F.  "Amici Pauli: The Role of Phoebe in the Early Church."  Journal for the Study of the New Testament 49 (1993) 67-85.
 
Wire, Antoinette Clark.  The Corinthian Women Prophets: A Reconstruction through Paul's Rhetoric.  Minnepolis: Fortress, 1990.
 
Apocalyptic Literature (Canonical and Extra-canonical)
 
Barr, David L.  "Towards an Ethical Reading of The Apocalypse: Reflections on John's Use of Power, Violence, and Misogyny."  Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers 32 (1997) 358-73.
 
Gray, Patrick.  "Abortion, Infanticide, and the Social Rhetoric of the Apocalypse of Peter."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 9 (3 2001) 313-37.
 
Keller, Catherine.  Apocalypse Now and Then: A Feminist Guide to the End of the World. Boston: Beacon, 1996.
 
--------.  "Eschatology."  Dictionary of Feminist Theology (ed. Letty M. Russell and J. Shannon Clarkson; Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996).
 
--------.  "Piling Together & Hopefully Saving: Eschatology as a Feminist Problem."   The Eden Journal 1 (1992).
 
Pippin, Tina.  Apocalyptic Bodies: The Biblical End of the World in Text and Image.   London: Routledge, 1999.
 
--------.  Death and Desire: The Rhetoric of Gender in the Apocalypse of John, Literary Currents in Biblical Interpretation. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1992.
 
Young, Steve.  "Being a Man: The Pursuit of Manliness in The Shepherd of Hermas."   Journal of Early Christian Studies 2 (3 1994) 237-55.
 
 
Women's Role in the Rise of Christianity
 
Bain, Katherine.  Women's Socioeconomic Status and Religious Leadership in Asia Minor in the First Two Centuries C.E.  Minneapolis: Fortress, 2014.
 
Castelli, Elizabeth A.  "Gender, Theory, and The Rise of Christianity: A Response to Rodney Stark."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 6 (2 1998) 227-57.
 
--------.  "Heteroglossia, Hermeneutics, and History: A Review Essay of Recent Feminist Studies of Early Christianity."  Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 10 (2 1994) 73-98.
 
Clark, Elizabeth A.  "Early Christian Women: Sources and Interpretation."  In That Gentle Strength: Historical Perspectives on Women in Christianity (ed. Lynda L. Coon, Katherine J. Haldan and Elisabeth W. Sommer; Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1990) 19-35.
 
Cloke, Gillian.  This Female Man of God: Women and Spiritual Power in the Patristic Age, A.D. 350-450.  New York: Routledge, 1995.
 
Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schüssler.  In Memory of Her: A Feminist Theological Reconstruction of Christian Origins.  New York: Crossroad, 1983.
 
Harvey, Susan Ashbrook.  "Women in Early Syrian Christianity."  In Images of Women in Antiquity (ed. Averil Cameron and Amélie Kuhrt; Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1985) 288-98.
 
LeMoine, Fannie J.  "Apocalyptic Experience and the Conversion of Women in Early Christianity."  In Fearful Hope: Approaching the New Millennium (ed. Christopher Kleinhenz and Fannie J. LeMoine; Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999) 201-206.
 
MacDonald, Margaret Y.  Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman.  New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
 
Stark, Rodney.  "The Role of Women in Christian Growth."  In The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996).
 
 
Gnosticism
 
Arthur, Rose H.  The Wisdom Goddess: Feminine Motifs in Eight Nag Hammadi Documents.  Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1984.
 
Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen.  Female Fault and Fulfillment in Gnosticism.  Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
 
--------.  "An Interpretation of Logion 114 in the Gospel of Thomas."  Novum Testamentum 27 (1985) 245-72.
 
--------.  "Libertines or Not: Fruit, Bread, Semen and Other Body Fluids in Gnosticism."   Journal of Early Christian Studies 2 (1 1994) 15-31.
 
Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen and Deirdre J. Good.  "Sacramental Language and Verbs of Generating, Creating, and Begetting in the Gospel of Philip."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 5 (1 1997) 1-19.
 
Castelli, Elizabeth A.  "'I Will Make Mary Male': Pieties of the Body and Gender Transformation of Christian Women in Late Antiquity."  In Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity (ed. Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub; London: Routledge, 1991) 29-49.
 
Couliano, Ioan P.  "Feminine versus Masculine: The Sophia Myth and the Origins of Feminism."  In Struggles of Gods (ed. H. G. Kippenberg; Berlin: Mouton, 1984) 65-98.
 
Fischer-Mueller, E. A.  "Yaldabaoth: The Gnostic Female Principle in Its Fallenness."   Novum Testamentum 32 (1990) 79-95.
 
Fredriksen, Paula.  "Hysteria and the Gnostic Myths of Creation."  Bible Review (June 1995) 18-25, 42-7.
 
King, Karen L., ed.  Images of the Feminine in Gnosticism.  Philadelphia: Fortress, 1988.
 
Marjanen, Antti.  The Woman Jesus Loved: Mary Magdalene in the Nag Hammadi Library and Related Documents, Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies 40.  New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.
 
McGuire, Anne.  "Women, Gender and Gnosis in Gnostic Texts and Traditions."  In Women and Christian Origins (ed. Ross Shepard Kraemer and Mary Rose D'Angelo; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 257-99.
 
Shoemaker, Stephen J.  "Rethinking the 'Gnostic Mary': Mary of Nazareth and Mary of Magdala in Early Christian Tradition."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 9 (2001) 555-95.
 
 
Martyrdom, Asceticism & Monasticism
 
Anson, John.  "The Female Transvestite in Early Monasticism: The Origin and Development of a Motif."  Viator 5 (1974).
 
Aune, David E.  "Mastery of the Passions: Philo, 4 Maccabees, and Earliest Christianity."  In Hellenization Revisited: Shaping a Christian Response within the Greco-Roman World (ed. W. E. Helleman; Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1994) 125-58.
 
Brown, Peter.  "Martyrdom, Prophecy and Continence: Hermas to Tertullian."  In The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988) 65-82.
 
Burrus, Virginia.  "Reading Agnes: The Rhetoric of Gender in Ambrose and Prudentius."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 3 (1 1995) 25-46.
 
Cameron, Averil.  "Ascetic Closure and the End of Antiquity."  In Asceticism (ed. Vincent L. Wimbush and Richard Valantasis; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995) 147-61.
 
--------.  "Early Christianity and the Discourse of Female Desire."  In Women in Ancient Societies: "An Illusion of the Night" (ed. Léonie J. Archer, Susan Fischler and Maria Wyke; New York: Routledge, 1994) 152-68.
 
--------.  "Virginity as Metaphor: Women and the Rhetoric of Early Christianity."  In History as Text: The Writing of Ancient History (ed. Averil Cameron; London: Duckworth, 1989) 171-205.
 
Cardman, Francine.  "Acts of the Women Martyrs."  In Anglican Theological Review 70 (1988) 144-50.
 
Castelli, Elizabeth A.  Imitating Paul: A Discourse of Power.  Louisville: Westminster/ John Knox, 1991.
 
--------.  "Virginity and Its Meaning for Women's Sexuality in Early Christianity."   Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 2 (1 1986) 62-85.
 
Clark, Elizabeth A.  "Ascetic Renunciation and Feminine Advancement: A Paradox of Late Antique Christianity."  Anglican Theological Review 63 (1981) 240-57.
 
--------, ed.  Ascetic Piety and Women's Faith: Essays on Late Ancient Christianity, Studies in Women and Religion 20.  New York: Edwin Mellen, 1986.
 
Clark, Gillian.  "Women and Asceticism in Late Antiquity: The Refusal of Status and Gender."  In Asceticism (ed. Vincent L. Wimbush and Richard Valantasis; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995) 33-48.
 
Coon, Lynda L.  Sacred Fictions: Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity.   Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.
 
Davis, Stephen J.  "Crossed Texts, Crossed Sex: Intertextuality and Gender in Early Christian Legends of Holy Women Disguised as Men."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 10 (2002) 1-36.
 
--------.  The Cult of St. Thecla: A Tradition of Women's Piety in Late Antiquity, Oxford Early Christian Studies.  New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
 
Drijvers, Jan Willem.  "Virginity and Asceticism in Late Roman Western Elites."  In Sexual Asymmetry: Studies in Ancient Society (ed. Josine Blok and Peter Mason; Amsterdam: Gieben, 1987) 241-73.
 
Elm, Susanna.  "Virgins of God": The Making of Asceticism in Late Antiquity.  New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
 
Foucault, Michel.  The History of Sexuality, vol. 3, The Care of the Self.  New York, 1986.
 
Evans, Roger Steven.  Sex and Salvation: Virginity As a Soteriological Paradigm in Ancient Christianity.  Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2004.
 
--------.  The History of Sexuality, vol. 2, The Use of Pleasure.  New York, 1985.
 
Gasparro, Giulia Sfameni.  "Asceticism and Anthropology: Enkrateia and 'Double Creation' in Early Christianity."  In Asceticism (ed. Vincent L. Wimbush and Richard Valantasis; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995) 127-46.
 
Harper, Kyle.  From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity, Revealing Antiquity 30.  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2016.
 
Hickey, Anne Ewing.  Women of the Roman Aristocracy as Christian Monastics, Studies in Religion 1.  Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press, 1987.
 
Ishwaran, K., ed.  Ascetic Culture: Renunciation and Worldly Engagement, International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology 73.  Leiden: Brill, 1999.
 
Kraemer, Ross Shepard.  "The Conversion of Women to Ascetic Forms of Christianity."   Signs 6 (1980-1981) 298-307.
 
Leyerle, Blake.  Theatrical Shows and Ascetic Lives: John Chrysostom's Attack on Spiritual Marriage.  Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
 
Mango, C.  "Life of St. Matrona of Perge."  In Holy Women of Byzantium (ed. Alice-Mary Talbot; Washington, D. C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1996).
 
McNamara, Jo Ann.  "Sexual Equality and the Cult of Virginity in Early Christian Thought."  Feminist Studies 3 (1976) 145-58.
 
Meeks, Wayne A.  "The Image of the Androgyne: Some Uses of a Symbol in Earliest Christianity."  History of Religions 13 (1974) 165-208.
 
Miller, Patricia Cox.  "The Blazing Body: Ascetic Desire in Jerome's Letter to Eustochium."   Journal of Early Christian Studies 1 (1 1993) 21-45.
 
--------.  "Desert Asceticism and 'The Body from Nowhere.'"  Journal of Early Christian Studies 2 (2 1994) 137-53.
 
Patlagean, E.  "L'histoire de la femme déguisée en moine et l'évolution de la sainteté féminine à Byzance."  Studi Medievali, ser. 3, 17 (1976).
 
Perkins, Judith.  The Suffering Self: Pain and Narrative Representation in the Early Christian Era. New York: Routledge, 1995.
 
Ross, Jill.  "Dynamic Writing and Martyrs' Bodies in Prudentius' Peristephanon."   Journal of Early Christian Studies 3 (3 1995) 325-55.
 
Rousselle, Aline.  Porneia: On Desire and the Body in Antiquity, trans. Felicia Pheasant.   New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988; French original, Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1983.
 
Ruether, Rosemary Radford.  "Mothers of the Church: Ascetic Women in the Late Patristic Age."  In Women of Spirit (ed. Rosemary Radford Ruether and Eleanor McLaughlin; New York: Touchstone, 1979) 71-98.
 
Shaw, Brent D.  "Body/Power/Identity: The Passion of the Martyrs."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 4 (3 1996) 269-312.
 
Shaw, Teresa M.  The Burden of the Flesh: Fasting and Sexuality in Early Christianity.   Minneapolis: Fortress, 1998.
 
Simpson, Jane.  "Women and Asceticism in the Fourth Century: A Question of Interpretation."   Journal of Religious History 14 (1988) 38-60.
 
Topping, Eva Catafygiotu.  "St. Matrona and Her Friends: Sisterhood in Byzantium."   In KATHEGETRIA: Essays Presented to Joan Hussey (ed. J. Chrysostomides; Camberley: Prophyrogenitus, 1988).
 
Valantasis, Richard and Vincent L. Wimbush, eds.  Asceticism.  New York: Oxford, 1995.
 
Ward, Benedicta.  Harlots of the Desert: A Study of Repentance in Early Monastic Sources.  Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications, 1987.
 
Wilfong, T.  "Reading the Disjointed Body in Coptic: From Physical Modification to Textual Fragmentation."  In Changing Bodies, Changing Meanings: Studies on the Human Body in Antiquity (ed. Dominic Montserrat; London: Routledge, 1998).
 
Wimbush, Vincent L., ed.  Ascetic Behavior in Greco-Roman Antiquity: A Sourcebook.   Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990.
 
 
Marriage
 
Reynolds, Philip Lyndon.  Marriage in the Western Church: The Christianization of Marriage during the Patristic and Early Medieval Periods.  Leiden: Brill, 2001; original 1994.
 
 
The Virgin Mary
 
Brown, Raymond E.  "The Problem of the Virginal Conception of Jesus."  Theological Studies 33 (1972) 3-34. Also published, with a few changes, in Brown, The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus (New York: Paulist, 1973).
 
Constas, Nicholas P.  "Weaving the Body of God: Proclus of Constantinople, the Theotokos, and the Loom of the Flesh."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 3 (2 1995) 169-94.
 
Foskett, Mary F.  A Virgin Conceived: Mary and Classical Representations of Virginity.   Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002.
 
Hunter, David G.  "Helvidius, Jovinian, and the Virginity of Mary in Late Fourth-Century Rome."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 1 (1 1993) 47-71.
 
Lincoln, Andrew T.  Born of a Virgin? Reconceiving Jesus in the Bible, Tradition, and Theology.  Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2013.
 
Reilly, Frank.  "Jane Schaberg, Raymond E. Brown, and the Problem of the Illegitimacy of Jesus."  Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 21:1 (2005) 57-80.
 
Schaberg, Jane.  The Illegitimacy of Jesus: A Feminist Theological Interpretation of the Infancy Narratives. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1987.  Reprinted in the Biblical Seminar series,  Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995.
 
Montanism
 
Brown, Peter.  "Martyrdom, Prophecy and Continence: Hermas to Tertullian."  In The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988) 65-82.
 
Elm, Susanna.  "'Pierced by Bronze Needles': Anti-Montanist Charges of Ritual Stigmatization in Their Fourth-Century Context."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 4 (4 1996) 409-439.
 
Frend, W. H. C.  "Montanism: A Movement of Prophecy and Regional Identity in the Early Church."  In Sects and New Religious Movements (ed. A. Dyson and E. Barker; BJRL 70.3; Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988) 25-34.
 
Heine, Ronald E., trans.  The Montanist Oracles and Testimonia, NAPSPMS 14.   Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1989.
 
Huber, Elaine C.  Women and the Authority of Inspiration: A Reexamination of Two Prophetic Movements from a Contemporary Feminist Perspective.  Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1985.
 
Jensen, Anne.  God's Self-Confident Daughters: Early Christianity and the Liberation of Women, trans. O. C. Dean.  Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996.
 
Klawiter, Frederick C.  The New Prophecy in Early Christianity: The Origin, Nature and Development of Montanism, A.D. 165-220.  Ph. D. Dissertation; Chicago, 1975.
 
-------.  "The Role of Martyrdom and Persecution in Developing the Priestly Authority of Women in Early Christianity: A Case Study of Montanism."  Church History 49 (1980) 251-61.
 
Kreidler, Mary Jane.  "Montanism and Monasticism: Charism and Authority in the Early Church."  Studia Patristica 18 (Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian, 1989) 229-34.
 
McGinn, Sheila Elizabeth.  "The 'Montanist' Oracles and Prophetic Theology."  Studia Patristica 31 (Louvain: Peeters, 1997) 128-35.
 
Poirier, John C.  "Montanist Pepuza-Jerusalem and the Dwelling Place of Wisdom."   Journal of Early Christian Studies 7 (4 1999) 491-507.
 
Tabbernee, William.  "Early Montanism and Voluntary Martyrdom."  Colloquium 17 (1985) 33-44.
 
-------.  Montanist Inscriptions and Testimonia: Epigraphic Sources Illustrating the History of Montanism, NAPSPMS 16.  Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1997.
 
--------.  "Montanist Regional Bishops: New Evidence from Ancient Inscriptions."   Journal of Early Christian Studies 1 (3 1993) 249-80.
 
Trevett, Christine.  Montanism: Gender, Authority and the New Prophecy.   Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
 
Williams, D. H.  "The Origins of the Montanist Movement: A Sociological Analysis."   Religion 19 (1989) 331-51.
 
 
Syriac Christianity
 
Harvey, Susan Ashbrook.  "Sacred Bonding: Mothers and Daughters in Early Syriac Hagiography."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 4 (1 1996) 27-56.
 
--------.  "2000 NAPS Presidential Address: Spoken Words, Voiced Silence: Biblical Women in Syriac Tradition."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 9 (1 2001) 105-131.
 
 
Gender in the Fathers of the Church and in Late Antiquity
 
Børreson, Kari Elisabeth.  Subordination and Equivalence: The Nature and Purpose of Women in Augustine and Thomas Aquinas.  Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1981.
 
Bray, Gerald L.  "The Relationship between Holiness and Chastity in Tertulian."   Studia Patristica 16.2 (1985) 132-5.
 
Brown, Peter.  "Sexuality and Society: Augustine."  In The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988) 387-427.
 
--------.  "Sexuality and the City: John Chrysostom."  In The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988) 305-322.
 
Burrus, Virginia.  "Begotten, Not Made": Conceiving Manhood in Late Antiquity.   Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000.
 
--------.  Chastity as Autonomy: Women in the Stories of the Apocryphal Acts.   Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen, 1987.
 
--------.  "'Equipped for Victory': Ambrose and the Gendering of Orthodoxy."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 4 (4 1996) 461-75.
 
Carnelley, Elizabeth.  "Tertullian and Feminism."  Theology 92 (1989) 31-5.
 
Church, F. Forrester.  "Sex and Salvation in Tertullian."  Harvard Theological Review 68 (1975) 83-101.
 
Clark, Elizabeth A.  "'Adam's Only Companion': Augustine and the Early Christian Debate on Marriage."  Recherches augustiniennes 21 (1986) 139-62.
 
--------.  "Foucault, the Fathers, and Ancient Christianity."  Journal of the American Academy of Religion 56 (1988) 619-41.
 
--------.  "Friendship between the Sexes: Classical Theory and Christian Practice."  In Jerome, Chrysostom, and Friends: Essays and Translations (Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen, 1979) 35-106.
 
--------.  "Ideology, History, and the Construction of 'Woman' in Late Ancient Christianity."   Journal of Early Christian Studies 2 (2 1994) 155-84.
 
--------.  "Sex, Shame and Rhetoric: En-gendering Early Christian Ethics."  Journal of the American Academy of Religion 49 (1991) 221-45.
 
--------.  St. Augustine on Marriage and Sexuality, Fathers of the Church Selections 1.  Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America, 1996.
 
--------.  "Theory and Practice in Late Ancient Asceticism: Jerome, Chrysostom, and Augustine."  Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 5 (2 1989) 25-46.
 
Clark, Gillian.  Women in Late Antiquity.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
 
Coon, Lynda L.  Sacred Fictions: Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity.   Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.
 
Davies, Stevan.  "Women, Tertullian and the Acts of Paul."  Semeia 38 (1986) 139-43.
 
Evans, G. R.  Augustine on Evil.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
 
Frank, Georgia.  "Macrina's Scar: Homeric Allusion and Heroic Identity in Gregory of Nyssa's Life of Macrina."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 8 (4 2000) 511-30.
 
Grubbs, Judith Evans.  "'Pagan' and 'Christian' Marriage: The State of the Question."   Journal of Early Christian Studies 2 (4 1994) 361-412.
 
Harrison, Nonna Verna.  "Women, Human Identity, and the Image of God: Antiochene Interpretations."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 9:2 (2001) 205-249.
 
Hoffman, Daniel.  The Status of Women and Gnosticism in Irenaeus and Tertullian.   Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen, 1995.
 
Irwin, E.  "Clement of Alexandria: Instruction on How Women Should Live."  In Hellenization Revisited: Shaping a Christian Response within the Greco-Roman World (ed. Wendy E. Hellerman; Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1994) 395-407.
 
Krueger, Derek.  "Writing and the Liturgy of Memory in Gregory of Nyssa's Life of Macrina."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 8 (4 2000) 483-510.
 
Lamberigts, Mathijs.  "A Critical Evaluation of Critiques of Augustine’s View of Sexuality."  In Augustine and His Critics: Essays in Honour of Gerald Bonner (ed. Robert Dodaro and George Lawless; New York: Routledge, 2000).
 
Leyerle, Blake.  "John Chrysostom on the Gaze."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 1 (2 1993) 159-74.
 
--------.  Theatrical Shows and Ascetic Lives: John Chrysostom's Attack on Spiritual Marriage.  Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
 
Matter, E. Ann.  "Christ, God and Woman in the Thought of St. Augustine."  In Augustine and His Critics: Essays in Honour of Gerald Bonner (ed. Robert Dodaro and George Lawless; New York: Routledge, 2000).
 
--------.  "Women."  In Augustine through the Ages: An Encyclopedia (ed. Allan D. Fitzgerald; Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1999) 887-92.
 
Miles, Margaret R.  "Patriarchy as Political Theology: The Establishment of North African Christianity."  In Civil Religion and Political Theology (ed. LeRoy S. Rouner; Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986) 169-86.
 
Robins, William.  "Romance and Renunciation at the Turn of the Fifth Century."   Journal of Early Christian Studies 8 (4 2000) 531-57.
 
Ruether, Rosemary Radford.  "Misogyny and Virginal Feminism in the Fathers of the Church."  In Religion and Sexism (ed. Rosemary Radford Ruether; New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974) 150-83.
 
Schlabach, Gerald W.  "'Love is the Hand of the Soul': The Grammar of Continence in Augustine's Doctrine of Christian Love."  Journal of Early Christian Studies 6 (1 1998) 59-92.
 
Shaw, Brent D.  "The Family in Late Antiquity: The Experience of Augustine."  Past and Present 115 (1987) 3-51.
 
Torjesen, Karen J.  "Tertullian's 'Political Ecclesiology' and Women's Leadership."   Studia Patristica 21 (1989) 277-82.
 
Yarbrough, Anne.  "Christianization in the Fourth Century: The Example of Roman Women."  Church History 45 (1976) 149-65.
 
 
Ministry in the Church
 
Beard, Mary and John North, eds.  Pagan Priests: Religion and Power in the Ancient World.  Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1990.
 
Gryson, Roger.  The Ministry of Women in the Early Church. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1976.
 
Hoffman, Daniel.  "Tertullian on Women and Women's Ministry Roles in the Church."   In The Spirit and the Mind: Essays in Informed Pentecostalism (ed. Donald N. Bowdle, Terry L. Cross and Emerson B. Powery; Lanham, Maryland: University Press of Ameia, 2000) 131-55.
 
Hylen, Susan E.  "Women διάκονοι and Gendered Norms of Leadership."  Journal of Biblical Literature 138:3 (2019) 687-702.
 
Martimort, Aimé Georges.  Deaconesses: An Historical Study.  San Francisco: St. Ignatius, 1986.
 
Torjesen, Karen Jo.  When Women Were Priests.  San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1993.
 
Swidler, Leonard and Arlene Swidler, eds.  Women Priests: A Catholic Commentary on the Vatican Declaration.  New York: Paulist, 1977.
 
Young, Frances M.  "On EPISKOPOS and PRESBYTEROS."  Journal of Theological Studies n.s. 45 (1994) 142-8.
 
Gender Roles and Sexual Relations
 
Anson, John.  "The Female Transvestite in Early Monasticism: The Origin and Development of a Motif."  Viator 5 (1974).
 
Boswell, J.  Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century.  Chicago, 1980.
 
Brooten, Bernadette.  Love between Women: Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism.  Chicago, 1996.
 
Castelli, Elizabeth A.  Imitating Paul: A Discourse of Power.  Louisville: Westminster/ John Knox, 1991.
 
--------.  "'I Will Make Mary Male': Pieties of the Body and Gender Transformation of Christian Women in Late Antiquity."  In Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity (ed. Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub; London: Routledge, 1991) 29-49.
 
Davis, Stephen J.  "Crossed Texts, Crossed Sex: Intertextuality and Gender in Early Christian Legends of Holy Women Disguised as Men."  Journal of Early Christian Studies10 (2002) 1-36.
 
Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck and John L. Esposito, eds.  Daughters of Abraham: Feminist Thought in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.  Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
 
Harrison, N. V.  "The Feminine Man in Late Antique Ascetic Piety."  Union Seminary Quarterly Review 48 (1994) 49-71.
 
Harvey, Susan Ashbrook.  "Women in Early Byzantine Hagiography: Reversing the Story."  In "That Gentle Strength": Historical Perspectives on Women in Christianity (ed. L. Coon, K. Haldane and E. Sommer; Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990) 36-59.
 
Martin, Dale B.  "Arsenokoites and Malakos: Meanings and Consequences."  In Biblical Ethics and Homosexuality: Listening to Scripture (ed. R. L. Brawley; Louisville, 1996) 117-36.
 
Meeks, Wayne A.  "The Image of the Androgyne: Some Uses of a Symbol in Earliest Christianity."  History of Religions 13 (1974) 165-208.
 
Scroggs, Robin.  The New Testament and Homosexuality: Contextual Background for a Contemporary Debate.  Philadelphia, 1983.
 
 


Gender in the Greco-Roman World
 
Women and Religious Activity
 
Dillon, Matthew.  Girls and Women in Classical Greek Religion.  New York: Routledge, 2001.
 
 
The Feminine Voice
 
Greene, Ellen.  "Refiguring the Feminine Voice: Catullus Translating Sappho."  Arethusa 32 (1 1999) 1-18.
 
--------.  "Sappho, Foucault, and Women's Erotics."  Arethusa 29 (1 1996) 1-14.
 
 
Bodies and Gender
 
Aristotle. On the Generation of Animals 1.17-20; 2.1-3
(721a 31-729a 33; 731b 18-732a 32; 733b-735a 27; 735b 37; 736a 13, 24-737a 34)
In Aristotle's De Partibus Animalium I and De Generatione Animalium I, trans. D. M. Balme (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972) 34-52, 58-65, 140-49, 155-65.
 
Bar On, B.-A., ed.  Engendering Origins: Critical Feminist Readings in Plato and Aristotle.  Albany, 1994.
 
Cameron, Averil and Amélie Kuhrt, eds.  Images of Women in Antiquity.   Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993; original, 1983.
 
Clark, S.  "Aristotle's Woman."  History of Political Thought 3 (1982) 177-91.
 
Cyrino, Monica Silveira.  "Heroes in D(u)ress: Transvestism and Power in the Myths of Herakles and Achilles."  Arethusa 31 (2 1998) 207-242.
 
Gleason, M. W.  "The Semiotics of Gender: Physiognomy and Self-Fashioning in the Second Century C.E."  In Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World (ed. David M. Halperin, J. J. Winkler and F. Zeitlin; Princeton, 1990) 389-415.
 
Gold, Barbara K.  "'The Body I Live in is Not My Own': Women's Bodies in Juvenal's Satires."  Arethusa 31 (3 1998) 369-86.
 
Levine, Molly Myerowitz.  "The Gendered Grammar of Ancient Mediterranean Hair."   In Off with Her Head! The Denial of Women's Identity in Myth, Religion and Culture 38 (ed. Howard Eilberg Schwartz and Wendy Doniger; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995) 76-130.
 
Miller, Paul Allen.  "The Bodily Grotesque in Roman Satire: Images of Sterility."   Arethusa 31 (3 1998) 257-83.
 
Richlin, Amy.  "Making Up a Woman: The Face of Roman Gender."  In Off with Her Head!, 185-213.
 
Smith, N.  "Plato and Aristotle on the Nature of Women."  Journal of the History of Philosophy 21 (1983) 467-78.
 
Walters, Jonathan.  "Making a Spectacle: Deviant Men, Invective and Pleasure."  Arethusa 31 (3 1998) 355-67.
 
Wood, Susan E.  Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images, 40 B.C.-A.D. 68.  Leiden: Brill, 2000.
 
 
Gender-Roles and Sexual Relations
 
Brown, P. G. McC.  "Plots and Prostitutes in Greek New Comedy."  In Papers of the Leeds International Latin Seminar, Sixth Volume (Leeds, 1990) 241-66.
 
Carson, Anne.  "Putting Her in her Place: Women, Dirt and Desire."  In Before Sexuality (Princeton, 1990) 135-69.
 
Cohen, D.  "The Athenian Law of Adultery."  Revue internationale des droits de l'antiquité 31 (1984) 147-65.
 
--------.  "Law, Society, and Homosexuality in Classical Athens."  P and P 117 (1987) 3-21.
 
--------.  "The Social Context of Adultery at Athens."  In Nomos: Essays in Athenian Law, Politics and Society (ed. Paul Cartledge, Paul Millett and Stephen Todd; Cambridge, 1990) 147-65.
 
--------.  Law, Sexuality and Society.  Cambridge, 1991.
 
Cole, S. G.  "Greek Sanctions against Sexual Assault."  CPh 79 (1984) 97-113.
 
Davidson, James.  Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens.  New York: HarperPerennial, 1997.
 
Delcourt, Marie.  Hermaphrodite: Myths and Rites of the Bisexual Figure in Classical Antiquity.  London: Studio Books, 1961.
 
Dover, K. J.  Greek Homosexuality, 2d ed.  London, 1989.
 
du Bois, P.  Sowing the Body: Psychoanalysis and Ancient Representations of Women.  Chicago, 1988.
 
Fantham, E.  "Sex, Status and Survival in Hellenistic Athens: A Study of Women in New Comedy."  Phoenix 29 (1975) 44-74.
 
Foskett, Mary F.  A Virgin Conceived: Mary and Classical Representations of Virginity.   Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002.
 
Foucault, Michel.  The History of Sexuality, vol. 3, The Care of the Self.  New York, 1986.
 
--------.  The History of Sexuality, vol. 2, The Use of Pleasure.  New York, 1985.
 
Gould, John.  "Law, Custom and Myth: Aspects of the Social Position of Women in Classical Athens."  Journal of Hellenic Studies 100 (1980) 38-59.
 
Halperin, David.  "Plato and Erotic Reciprocity."  Classical Antiquity 5 (1986) 60-80.
 
Herdt, Gilbert.  "Preface."  In Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (New York: Zone Books, 1996).
 
Johnson, Patricia J.  "Woman's Third Face: A Psycho/Social Reconsideration of Sophocles' Antigone."   Arethusa 30 (3 1997) 369-98.
 
Just, Roger.  Women in Athenian Law and Life.  London, 1989.
 
King, H.  "Sowing the Field: Greek and Roman Sexology."  In Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: The History of Attitudes to Sexuality (ed. R. Porter and M. Teich; Cambridge, 1994) 29-46.
 
Macmullen, Ramsay.  "Roman Attitudes to Greek Love."  Historia 31 (1982) 484-502.
 
Montserrat, Dominic, ed.  Changing Bodies, Changing Meanings: Studies on the Human Body in Antiquity.  London: Routledge, 1998.
 
Murray, Oswyn.  "Greek Man and Forms of Sociality."  In The Greeks (ed. J.-P. Vernant; Chicago, 1995) 218-53.
 
Richlin, Amy.  The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor, 2d ed.  New York, 1992.
 
--------.  "Not Before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the Cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men."  Journal of the History of Sexuality 3 (1993) 523-73.
 
--------, ed.  Pornography and Representation in Greece and Rome.  Oxford, 1992.
 
Rousselle, Aline.  "Personal Status and Sexual Practice in the Roman Empire."  In Fragments of the History of the Human Body, Part 3 (ed. M. Feher; New York, 1989) 301-333.
 
--------.  Porneia: On Desire and the Body in Antiquity, trans. Felicia Pheasant.  New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988; French original, Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1983.
 
Schaps, David M.  Economic Rights of Women in Ancient Greece.  Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1979.
 
Sealey, Raphael.  Women and Law in Classical Greece.  Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
 
Seltman, Charles.  Women in Greek Society.  London, 1953.
 
Stegemann, Ekkehard W. and Wolfgang Stegemann.  "Part Four: The Social Roles and Social Situation of Women in the Mediterranean World and in Early Christianity."   In The Jesus Movement: A Social History of Its First Century, trans. O. C. Dean, Jr. (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1999; German original, Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1995) 359-407, 463-74 (especially ch. 13).
 
Stevenson, W.  "The Rise of Eunuchs in Greco-Roman Antiquity."  Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1995) 495-511.
 
Taylor, R.  "Two Pathic Subcultures in Ancient Rome."  Journal of the History of Sexuality 7 (1997) 319-71.
 
Williams, C. A.  "Greek Love at Rome."  Classical Quarterly 45 (1995) 517-39.
 
Winkler, J. J.  The Constraints of Desire: The Anthropology of Sex and Gender in Ancient Greece.  New York, 1990.
 
Wolff, H. J.  "Marriage Law and Family Organisation in Ancient Athens."  Traditio 2 (1944) 43-95.
 
 
Gender in the Romance Novels
 
Lefkowitz, Mary R.  "Did Ancient Women Write Novels?"  In "Women Like This" New Perspectives on Jewish Women in the Greco-Roman World (ed. Amy-Jill Levine; Early Judaism and its Literature 1; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991) 199-219.
 
Perkins, Judith.  "An Ancient 'Passing' Novel: Heliodorus' Aithiopika."  Arethusa 32 (2 1999) 197-214.  Available online.
 
Reardon, B. P., ed.  Collected Ancient Greek Novels.  Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
 


Ongoing Issues
 
Religion in Public Life
 
Jakobsen, Janet R. and Ann Pellegrini.  Love the Sin: Sexual Regulation and the Limits of Religious Tolerance, Sexual Cultures.  New York: New York University Press, 2003.
 
 
Asceticism
 
Bell, Rudolph M.  Holy Anorexia.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
 
Bynum, Caroline Walker.  Fragmentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the Human Body in Medieval Religion.  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Zone/MIT Press, 1990.
 
--------.  Holy Feast, Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women, The New Historicism: Studies in Cultural Poetics 1.  Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
 
Lelwica, Michelle.  Starving for Salvation: The Spiritual Dimensions of Eating Problems among Contemporary American Girls and Women.  New York: Oxford, 1999.
 
Reynolds, Philip Lyndon.  Food and the Body: Some Peculiar Questions in High Medieval Theology, STGM 69.  Leiden: Brill, 1999.
 
 
The Magdalene
 
Jansen, Katherine Ludwig.  The Making of the Magdalen: Preaching and Popular Devotion in the Later Middle Ages.  Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001.
 
 
Global Readings of Women in Scripture
 
Byron, Gay L. and Vanessa Lovelace, eds.  Womanist Interpretations of the Bible: Expanding the Discourse, Semeia Studies 85.  Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2016.
 
Sakenfeld, Doob.  Just Wives: Stories of Power and Survival in the Old Testament and Today.  Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2003.
 
 
Ministry in the Church
 
Bradshaw, Paul F.  Ordination Rites of the Ancient Churches of East and West.  New York: Pueblo, 1990.
 
Swidler, Leonard and Arlene Swidler, eds.  Women Priests: A Catholic Commentary on the Vatican Declaration.  New York: Paulist, 1977.
 
Get Adobe Acrobat