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- Gender Constructs in the Christian East
- Edessa (Sanliurfa) and Nisibis (Nusaybin), Turkey
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View Gender in Early Christianity: A Tour of the Ancient World in a larger map
- Most of the articles listed below are in the Dig Sites folder on Camino : Files; many of the books are on hard copy reserve at the Circulation Desk in the Learning Commons.
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- Archaeological & Epigraphic Evidence
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- Drijvers, H. J. W. "Some New Syriac Inscriptions and Archaeological Finds from Edessa and Sumatar Harabesi." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 36:1 (1973) 1-14.
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- Healey, John F. "A New Syriac Mosaic Inscription." Journal of Semitic Studies 51:2 (2006) 313-27.
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- Loosley, Emma. "The Early Christian Bema Churches of Syria Revisited." Antiquity 75:289 (2001) 509-510.
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- Peppard, Michael. "Illuminating the Dura-Europos Baptistery: Comparanda for the Female Figures." Journal of Early Christian Studies 20:4 (2012) 543-574.
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- Segal, Judah B. "A Note on the Mosaic from Edessa." Syria 60:1-2 (1983) 107-110.
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- Van Elderen, Bastiaan. "New Inscription Relating to Christianity at Edessa." Calvin Theological Journal 7:1 (1972) 5-14.
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- Literary Evidence
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- Primary Texts
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- Talbot, Alice-Mary, ed. Holy Women of Byzantium: Ten Saints' Lives in English Translation. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2006.
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- Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrrhus. A History of the Monks of Syria, trans. R. M. Price. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications, 1985.
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- Secondary Literature
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- Attridge, Harold W. "'Masculine Fellowship' in the Acts of Thomas." In The Future of Early Christianity: Essays in Honor of Helmut Koester (ed. Birger A. Pearson, with A. Thomas Kraabel, George W. E. Nickelsburg and Norman R. Petersen; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991) 406-413.
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- Barnard, Leslie W. "Origins and Emergence of the Church in Edessa during the First Two Centuries A.D." Vigiliae christianae 22:3 (1968) 161-75.
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- Becker, Adam H. Fear of God and the Beginning of Wisdom: The School of Nisibis and Christian Scholastic Culture in Late Antique Mesopotamia, Divinations. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.
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- Botha, Phil J. "Tamar, Rahab, Ruth, and Mary—The Bold Women in Ephrem the Syrian's Hymn De Nativitate 9." Acta Patristica et Byzantina 17 (2006) 1-21.
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- Brock, Sebastian P. "'Come, Compassionate Mother…, Come, Holy Spirit': A Forgotten Aspect of Early Eastern Christian Imagery." Aram 3:1–2 (1991) 249-57.
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- --------. "'The Daughter of Maʿnyo': A Holy Woman of Arbela." In In Memoriam Professeur Jean Maurice Fiey (1914–1995) (ed. Jean Richard; Annales du Départment des Lettres Arabes 6B; Beirut: Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Université Saint Joseph, 1991–1992) 121-128.
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- --------. "Deaconesses in the Syriac Tradition." In Woman in Prism and Focus: Her Profile in Major World Religions and in Christian Traditions (ed. Prasanna Vazheeparampil; Rome: Mar Thoma Yogam, 1996) 205-217.
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- --------. "Early Syrian Asceticism." Numen 20:1 (1973) 1-19.
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- --------. "The Holy Spirit as Feminine in Early Syriac Literature." In After Eve: Women, Theology and the Christian Tradition (ed. Janet Martin Soskice; Women and Religion; London: Collins Marshall Pickering, 1990) 73-88.
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- --------. "Reading between the Lines: Sarah and the Sacrifice of Isaac (Gen. 22)." In Women in Ancient Societies: An Illusion of the Night (ed. Léonie J. Archer, Susan Fischler and Maria Wyke; New York: Routledge, 1994) 167-80.
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- --------. "The Rise of Christian Thought. II, The Theological Schools of Antioch, Edessa and Nisibis." In Christianity: A History in the Middle East (ed. Habib Badr, Suad Abou el Rouss Slim, and Joseph Abou Nohra; Beirut, Lebanon: Middle East Council of Churches, 2005) 143-60.
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- Brock, Sebastian P. and Susan Ashbrook Harvey. Holy Women of the Syrian Orient. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
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- Brown, Peter. "'These Are Our Angels': Syria." In The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (Lectures on the History of Religions n-s. 13; New York: Columbia University Press, 1988) 323-38.
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- Bundy, David. "Bishop Vologese and the Persian Siege of Nisibis in 359 C.E.: A Study in Ephrem's Mēmrē on Nicomedia." Encounter 63:1-2 (2002) 55-63.
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- Drijvers, Hans J. W. Cults and Beliefs at Edessa. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1980.
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- --------. East of Antioch: Studies in Early Syriac Christianity. London: Variorum Reprints, 1984.
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- --------. "The School of Edessa: Greek Learning and Local Culture." In Centres of Learning: Learning and Location in Pre-modern Europe and the Near East (ed. Jan Willem Drijvers and Alasdair A. MacDonald; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995) 49-59.
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- Drijvers, Jan Willem and John W. Watt, eds. Portraits of Spiritual Authority: Religious Power in Early Christianity, Byzantium and the Christian Orient, Religions in the Graeco-Roman World 137. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1999.
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- Eastman, David L. "The Matriarch as Model: Sarah, the Cult of the Saints, and Social Control in a Syriac Homily of Pseudo-Ephrem." Journal of Early Christian Studies 21:2 (2013) 241-259.
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- Evans, J. S. A. "The Holy Women of the Monophysites." Jahrbuch der österreichischen byzantinischen Gesellschaft 32:2 (1982) 525-7.
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- Gero, Stephen. Barsauma of Nisibis and Persian Christianity in the Fifth Century. Louvain: Peeters, 1981.
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- Habbi, Joseph. "East Syrian Women Saints and Their Contribution to Spiritual Theology." In East Syrian Spirituality (ed. Augustine Thottakara; Rome/ Bangalore: Centre for Indian and Inter-religious Studies (CIIS)/Dharmaram, 1990) 99-126.
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- Harvey, Susan Ashbrook. "Feminine Imagery for the Divine: The Holy Spirit, the Odes of Solomon, and Early Syriac Tradition." St. Vladimir’s Theological Quarterly 37:2-3 (1993) 111-139.
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- --------. "The Holy and the Poor: Models from Early Syriac Christianity." In Through the Eye of a Needle: Judeo-Christian Roots of Social Welfare (ed. Emily Albu Hanawalt and Carter Lindberg; Kirksville, Missouri: Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1994) 43-66.
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- --------. "Sacred Bonding: Mothers and Daughters in Early Syriac Hagiography." Journal of Early Christian Studies 4:1 (1996) 27-56.
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- --------. "'There Were Also Many Women There': Women and the Foundation of the Church." In The First One Hundred Years: A Centennial Anthology Celebrating Antiochian Orthodoxy in North America (ed. George S. Corey, Peter E. Gillquist, Anne Glynn Mackoul, Jean Sam and Paul Schneirla; Englewood, New Jersey: Antakya, 1995) 141-67.
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- --------. "Women in Early Byzantine Hagiography: Reversing the Story." In "That Gentle Strength": Historical Perspectives on Women in Christianity (ed. Lynda L. Coon, Katherine J. Haldane and Elisabeth W. Sommer; Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990) 36-59.
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- --------. "Women in Early Syrian Christianity." In Images of Women in Antiquity, rev. ed. (ed. Averil Cameron and Amélie Kuhrt; Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993; original 1983) 288-98.
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- --------. "Women in the Syrian Tradition." In Woman in Prism and Focus: Her Profile in Major World Religions and in Christian Traditions (ed. Prasanna Vazheeparampil; Rome: Mar Thoma Yogam, 1996) 69-80.
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- Healey, John F. "The Edessan Milieu and the Birth of Syriac Christianity." Hugoye 10:2 (2007). Online, http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol10No2/
HV10N2Healey.html.
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- Klijn, Albertus F. J. "Christianity in Edessa and the Gospel of Thomas: On Barbara Ehlers, Kann des Thomasevangelium aus Edessa stammen?" Novum Testamentum 14:1 (1972) 70-77.
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- Kunnachery, Kuriakose. Deaconesses in the Church, Syrian Churches Series 10. Kottayam: SEERI, 1987.
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- Mattam, Abraham. "The School of Nisibis. Edessa: First Theological University in Christendom." Christian Orient 6:1 (1985) 30-39.
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- McVey, Kathleen E. "Ephrem the Syrian's Use of Female Metaphors to Describe the Deity." Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum 5:2 (2001) 261-288.
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- Millar, Fergus. "Empire, Community, and Culture in the Roman Near East: Greeks, Syrians, Jews, and Arabs." Journal of Jewish Studies 38:2 (1987) 143-64.
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- Murray, Robert. "The Characteristics of the Earliest Syriac Christianity." In East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period (ed. Nina Garsoïan, Thomas F. Mathews and Robert W. Thompson; Washington, D. C.: Dumbarton Oaks/Trustees for Harvard University, 1982) 3-16.
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- Paikatt, Mathew. "Virginity: The Celestial Life: A Study on Virginity in the Genuine Works of Mar Aprem of Nisibis." Christian Orient 13:3 (1992) 164-85.
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- Palmer, Andrew N. "Sisters, Fiancées, Wives and Mothers of Syrian Holy Men." In V Symposium Syriacum 1988: Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, 29–31 août 1988 (ed. René Lavenant; Orientalia Christiana Analecta 236; Rome: Pont. Institutum Studiorum Orientalium, 1990) 207-214.
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- Reinink, Gerrit J. "'Edessa Grew Dim and Nisibis Shone Forth': The School of Nisibis at the Transition of the Sixth-Seventh Century." In Centres of Learning: Learning and Location in Pre-modern Europe and the Near East (ed. Jan Willem Drijvers and Alasdair A. MacDonald; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995) 77-89.
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- Russell, Paul S. "Nisibis as the Background to the Life of Ephrem the Syrian." Hugoye 8:2 (2005). Online, http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol8No2/HV8N2Russell.html.
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- Salachas, Dimitri. "Woman in the Church: Female Monastic Life in Oriental Canon Law of the First Centuries." In Woman in Prism and Focus: Her Profile in Major World Religions and in Christian Traditions (ed. Prasanna Vazheeparampil; Rome: Mar Thoma Yogam, 1996) 247-64.
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- Segal, J. B. Edessa, The Blessed City. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1970.
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- --------. "When Did Christianity Come to Edessa?" In Middle East Studies and Libraries: A Felicitation Volume for Professor J. D. Pearson (ed. B. C. Bloomfield; London: Mansell, 1980) 179-91.
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- Torjesen, Karen Jo. "The Role of Women in the Early Greek and Syriac Churches." The Harp: A Review of Syriac and Oriental Studies 4:1-3 (1991) 135-44.
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- Vööbus, Arthur. A History of Asceticism in the Syrian Orient, 2 vols., Subsidia 14, 17. Louvain: Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1958.
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- --------. "The Institution of the Benai Qeiama and Benat Qeiama in the Ancient Syrian Church." Church History 30:1 (1961) 19-27.
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