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  Women's Ordination in the Catholic Church

  Church Teaching   Further Reading  




Church Teaching

This abbreviated list is based on "Rome's Main Documents," a more complete list of Vatican Documents maintained by the website, WomenPriests.org.
N.b. In the list below, the sources are arranged chronologically. But it's important to realize that Church documents have different "weights" depending on their source and type. Generally, pastoral constitutions like Gaudium et Spes produced at the Second Vatican Council have the greatest weight because they represent the views of a council of all Catholic bishops. Close to these in authority are papal encyclicals (none are listed below), and then apostolic letters (such as John Paul II's Ordinatio Sacerdotalis).1 Other documents issued by various Vatican offices (Congregations, Pontifical Offices) and national councils of Catholic Bishop, are considered "lower" still because they represent clarifications or adaptations of the higher-level documents to new or local circumstances.
WomenPriests.org includes correspondence between Anglican and Catholic leaders on the question of women's ordination (Anglicans permit it, Catholics do not, so it has become an ecumenical issue), as well as bibliography on the question of women's ordination in the Catholic Church. Two print anthologies of relevant documents are also available:
 
Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith.  From "Inter Insigniores" to "Ordinatio Sacerdotalis": Documents and Commentaries, Documenti e Studi 6.  Washington, D.C.: United States Catholic Conference, 1998.
 
Swidler, Leonard and Arlene Swidler, eds.  Women Priests: A Catholic Commentary on the Vatican Declaration.  New York: Paulist, 1977.
 
Date Document Name/Link Bibliography
1972 Theological Reflections on the Ordination of Women
(U.S. National Conference of Catholic Bishops, Committee on Pastoral Research and Practices)

(Camino, Research Materials)
LaCugna, Catherine Mowry. "Catholic Women as Ministers and Theologians." America 167 (10 October 1992) 238-48.
1975 Can Women Be Priests?
(Pontifical Biblical Commission)

(also in Camino > Research Materials)
Donahue, John R., S.J. "A Tale of Two Documents." In Women Priests: A Catholic Commentary on the Vatican Declaration(ed. Leonard Swidler and Arlene Swidler; New York: Paulist, 1977) 25-34.
(Camino, Research Materials)
1976 Inter Insigniores [Declaration on the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood]
(Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith)

(also in Camino > Research Materials)
Citation format for primary source:
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Inter Insigniores (Declaration on the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood, 15 October 1976). Origins 6 (3 February 1977) 519-24.

Secondary sources
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. "Sacrifice, Social Maintenance and the Non-ordination of Women." New Blackfriars 79:925 (1998) 137-45.

Meagher, Katherine. "Women in Relation to Orders and Jurisdiction." In Sexism and Church Law: Equal Rights and Affirmative Action (ed. James A. Coriden; New York: Paulist Press, 1977) 21-42.

Pontifical Biblical Commission Report. Origins 6 (1 July 1976) 92-96.

Swidler, Leonard and Arlene Swidler, eds. Women Priests: A Catholic Commentary on the Vatican Declaration. New York: Paulist, 1977.
(Introduction in Camino > Research Materials)

Wright, John H. "Patristic Testimony on Women's Ordination in Inter Insigniores." Theological Studies 58 (1997) 516-26.
1977 Commentary on Inter Insigniores
(Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith)

(also in Camino > Research Materials)
1983 Canon 1024, The Code of Canon Law
(Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith)
Van Lunen Chénu, Marie-Thérèse and Louise Wentholt. "Le statut de la femme dans le code de droit canonique et dans la convention des nations unies [The Status of Women in the Code of Canon Law and in the United Nations Convention]." Praxis juridique et religion 1 (1984) 7-18.
(Camino, Research Materials)
1992 §§1577-1578, The Cathechism of the Catholic Church
(Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith)
1994 Ordinatio Sacerdotalis
(Pope John Paul II)
Citation format for primary source:
Pope John Paul II. Ordinatio Sacerdotalis. 24 (9 June 1994). Online, http://w2.vatican.va/content/
john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1994/documents/
hf_jp-ii_apl_19940522_ordinatio-sacerdotalis.html, accessed [your access date].

Secondary sources
Bieringer, Reimund. "Het Schriftargument in Ordinatio Sacerdotalis [The Scriptural Argument in Ordinatio Sacerdotalis]." Bijdragen tijdschrift voor filosofie en theologie 62 (2001) 129-42. Translated by John Wijngaards and reproduced as "The Scriptural Argument in Ordinatio Sacerdotalis." WomenPriests.org (2004). Online, http://www.womenpriests.org/scriptur/biering.asp, accessed 23 March 2012.

Blenkinsopp, Joseph. "Sacrifice, Social Maintenance and the Non-ordination of Women." New Blackfriars 79:925 (1998) 137-45.

Donahue, Charles, Jr. "Theology, Law and Women's Ordination." Commonweal 122 (2 June 1995) 11-16.

Gaillardetz, Richard R. "An Exercise of the Hierarchical Magisterium." America 171 (30 July-6 August 1994) 19-22.

--------. "Infallibility and the Ordination of Women." Louvain Studies 21:1 (1996) 3-24.

(Camino, Research Materials)

Solenni, Pia de. "The Authority of Women in the Church and Ordinatio Sacerdotalis." In Called to Holiness and Communion: Vatican II on the Church (ed. Steven Boguslawski and Robert Fastiggi; Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press, 2009) 277-90.
(Camino, Research Materials)
1995 Responsum ad Dubium
(Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith)
Citation format for primary source:
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. "Reply to the dubium Concerning the Teaching Contained in the Apostolic Letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis (28 October 1995)." Acta Apostolicae Sedis 87 (1995) 1114.

Secondary sources
Buckley, James J. "A Different Doubt about the Priestly Ordination of Women." Pro Ecclesia 5:2 (1996) 133-7.

(Camino, Research Materials)

Ferme, Brian E. "The Response (28 October 1995) of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith to the Dubium Concerning the Apostolic Letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis (22 May
1994): Authority and Significance." Periodica de re Morali Canonica Liturgica 85 (1996) 689-727.

(Camino, Research Materials)
1996   Ratzinger, Joseph. "Why the Church Cannot Ordain Women." Catholic International 7:2 (February 1996) 62.
(Camino, Research Materials)

Dulles, Avery, S.J.  "Pastoral Response to the Teaching on Women's Ordination."  Origins 26:11 (29 September 1996).
1997   Farley, Margaret.  "Appendix A: Tradition and the Ordination of Women."  CTSA Proceedings 52 (1997) 197-204.
1998 Ad Tuendam Fidem
(Pope John Paul II)

Commentary on Ad Tuendam Fidem
(Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith)
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. "From Inter Insigniores to Ordinatio Sacerdotalis." Review for Religious 58 (May-June 1999) 325-6.

Ratzinger, Joseph. "Why the Church Cannot Ordain Women." Catholic International 7:2 (February 1996) 62.
(Camino, Research Materials)

U. S. Conference of Catholic Bishops Committee on Doctrine.  "Ten Frequently Asked Questions About the Reservation of Priestly Ordination to Men."  United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Office of Media Relations (Washington, D.C., 1998).
2002 Monitum (warning regarding the attempted ordination of some Catholic women)
(Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith)
  Decree "On the Attempted Priestly Ordination of Some Catholic Women"
(Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith)
2006 Words to Deeds: Continuing Reflections on the Role of Women in the Church
(U. S. Bishops' Committee on Women in Society and in the Church)
 
2008 General Decree Regarding the Crime of Attempting Sacred Ordination of a Woman
(Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith)
2012 Chrism Mass, Homily of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI The homily used the occasion of Holy Thursday, when Catholics commemorate Jesus' last supper and Catholic priests renew their vows, to counsel radical obedience to Rev. Helmut Schüller and other members of his Priest's Initiative in Austria who on 2 April 2012 issued a "Call to Disobedience." The call advocates, among other reforms, the ordination of women and married priests. (New York Times story).




Further Reading

New Testament Exegetical Studies
 
Bowman, Ann L.  "Women in the Ministry: An Exegetical Study of 1 Timothy 2:11-15."  Biblotheca sacra 149 (1992) 193-213.
 
Catholic Biblical Association of America Task Force.  "Women and Priestly Ministry: The New Testament Evidence."  Catholic Biblical Quarterly 41:4 (1979) 608-613.
 
Collins, Raymond F.  Accompanied by a Believing Wife: Ministry and Celibacy in the Earliest Christian Communities.  Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 2013.
 
Cotter, Wendy.  "Women's Authority Roles in Paul's Churches: Countercultural or Conventional?"  Novum Testamentum 36:4 (1994) 350-72.
 
Gryson, Roger.  The Ministry of Women in the Early Church.  Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1976.
 
Hylen, Susan E.  "Women διάκονοι and Gendered Norms of Leadership."  Journal of Biblical Literature 138:3 (2019) 687-702.
 
Macdonald, Margaret Y.  "Reading Real Women through the Undisputed Letters of Paul."  In Women and Christian Origins (ed. Ross Shepard Kraemer and Mary Rose D'Angelo; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)199-220.
 
Madigan, Kevin and Carolyn Osiek.  Ordained Women in the Early Church: A Documentary History.  Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.
 
Reid, Barbara E.  "What's Biblical about the Priesthood?"  Bible Today 46:5 (September-October 2008) 331-3.
 
Young, Frances M.  "On EPISKOPOS and PRESBYTEROS."  Journal of Theological Studies n.s. 45 (1994) 142-8.
 
 
Historical & Sociological Studies
 
Beard, Mary and John North, eds.  Pagan Priests: Religion and Power in the Ancient World.  Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1990.
 
Bradshaw, Paul F.  Ordination Rites of the Ancient Churches of East and West.  New York: Pueblo, 1990.
 
Cloke, Gillian.  This Female Man of God: Women and Spiritual Power in the Patristic Age, A.D. 350-450.  New York: Routledge, 1995.
 
Cooke, Bernard and Gary Macy.  A History of Women and Ordination, vol. 1, The Ordination of Women in a Medieval Context.  Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
 
Macy, Gary.  The Hidden History of Women's Ordination: Female Clergy in the Medieval West.  New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
 
Macy, Gary.  "Women Deacons: History."  In Women Deacons: Past, Present, Future (ed. Gary Macy, William T. Ditewig, Phyllis Zagano; Mahwah: Paulist Press, 2011) 9-36.
 
Martimort, Aimé Georges.  Deaconesses: An Historical Study.  San Francisco: St. Ignatius, 1986.
 
Raming, Ida, Gary Macy and Bernard Cooke.  A History of Women and Ordination, vol. 2, The Priestly Office of Women: God's Gift to a Renewed Church, 2d ed.  Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004; original SCP, 1976.
 
St. Pierre, Simone M.  The Struggle to Serve: The Ordination in the Roman Catholic Church.  Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1994.
 
Torjesen, Karen Jo.  When Women Were Priests.  San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1993.
 
Weaver, Mary Jo.  New Catholic Women: A Contemporary Challenge to Traditional Religious Authority.  Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995.
 
Whelan, Caroline F.  "Amica Pauli: The Role of Phoebe in the Early Church."  Journal for the Study of the New Testament 49 (1993) 67-85.
 
Wijngaards, John.  The Ordination of Women in the Catholic Church: Unmasking a Cuckoo’s Egg Tradition.  New York: Continuum, 2001
 
 
Theological Studies
 
Byrne, Lavina.  Women at the Altar: The Ordination of Women in the Roman Catholic Church.  New York: Continuum, 1998.
 
Groppe, Elizabeth Teresa.  "Women and the 'persona' of Christ: Ordination in the Roman Catholic Church."  In Frontiers in Catholic Feminist Theology: Shoulder to Shoulder (ed. Susan Abraham and Elena Procario-Foley; Minneapolis: Fortress, 2009) 153-171, 239-41.
 
Gudorf, Christine E.  "Probing the Politics of Difference: What's Wrong with an All-Male Priesthood?"  Journal of Religious Ethics 27:3 (1999) 377-405.
 
Peterfeso, Jill.  "With an Altar for a Stage: Protest, Possibility, and Trans-Performance within a Roman Catholic Womenpriests' Ordination."  Ecumenica 4:1 (2011) 39-60.
 
Sullivan, Francis A.  "The Definitive Exercise of Teaching Authority."  Theological Studies 75:3 (2014) 502-514.
 
Zagano, Phyllis.  "Catholic Women's Ordination: The Ecumenical Implications of Women Deacons."  Journal of Ecumenical Studies 43:1 (2008) 124-37.
 
--------.  "The Question of Governance and Ministry for Women."  Theological Studies 68 (2007) 348-67.
 
 
Useful Popular Theological Articles
 
Egan, Robert J.  "Why Not? Scripture, History, and Women's Ordination."   Commonweal 135:7 (11 April 2008) 17-23, 26-27.
 
Macy, Gary.  "The Meaning of Ordination: How Women Were Gradually Excluded."   National Catholic Reporter 49:7 (18-31 January 2013) 1, 9.
 
Ruether, Rosemary Radford.  "Two Views of Valid Women's Ordination Emerge."   National Catholic Reporter 46:23 (3 September 2010) 16, 18.
 
 
Secular Feminist Studies
 
Stabile, Susan J.  "The Challenges of Opening a Dialogue between Catholic and Secular Feminist Legal Theorists."  Journal of Catholic Legal Studies 42:2 (2009) 219-67.
 
Note: Use the endnotes of each of these essays as further sources for bibliography.
 

    1 For more on the relative weights of church documents, see Australian Catholic University, "Types of Church Documents," CatholicAustralia (n.d.), online, http://www.catholicaustralia.com.au/page.php?pg=churchdocs-typesofdocuments, 15 March 2012.